[Publication] Work and Self-actualization

 

Making a cup of coffee after arriving at my office, taking it to my desk, and turning on my computer... I was preparing my day of an emotional laborer unconsciously. When I was taking a sip of the coffee, a co-worker sitting on my next who always seemed to be vibrant and have fun started telling me that he would like to quit the work through online messenger with complaints. We used to console each other and then get back to work as if we have just finished a monthly or yearly event. If we knew about his book at that moment, we would have talked about pride instead of consolation.

I once heard about the Smile Mask Syndrome of emotional laborers. After reading this book, I was enlightened. I had a hard time and was distressed as I consciously received my counterparty's unconsciously made speeches, actions, and facial expressions. When I tried to have a talk with my husband about my uncomfortable feelings, he took it as stress and searched for fun for himself. Well, of course, the next that I tried to have a talk was my children.

I had a chance to look back through 25 years of my working life after seeing two questions 'why do we work?' and 'for what do we work?' at the beginning of this book. The ultimate goal of my working life was self-actualization. However, I was suffering from personal stress of being weary for sure because I categorized myself into the case of working without any other options and then pursued present happiness as a woman. I should activate my own healing system from now on. I learned the importance of the harmonious balance of work and family. The reason and the purpose of working are to do self-actualization with my family whom I love.

Preface

This book is written based on the lectures given at Korea University Graduate School of Labor Studies. This book is needed for every working people. It is about the healing of various stress and wounds that are generated when we pursue economic values, values of human relationships, and social values, etc. as we work.

Working generates stress because it requires understanding and memory. When thoughts operate psychologically, perception and memory operate simultaneously as well; as the energy of the unconscious is supplied, it is recognized through the conscious. Work is needed for life as the value of existence; regardless of gender, it is a requisite for self-actualization of every human being. Therefore, the mind and work are inseparable as we live for self-actualization; without healing stress from work, the mind will suffer from difficulties. In other words, work has direct impacts on the human mind and psychology.

Psychology on work that complex human relationships operate is being studied by many including psychiatry and psychology. However, in the absence of a basic study of the actual mind and psychology, simply studying psychology has made it even more difficult to study the human mind by changing the paradigm of work, developing industry and civilization, and the emergence of the internet and social media; people involved in work are learning a lot about psychology, self-improvement, business and start-up, happiness, etc. in various ways.

Since it is difficult to write in detail how to heal the stress of work in a limited range, I would like to explain how to deal with stress from work based on the principle of human mind and psychology, if possible.

You are much more professional and capable when it comes to knowledge of work. No matter how well I am aware of work and work psychology, I do not know much about the specific work and the details of the work. However, I can explain to you the principle of healing the stress caused by work by studying the mind and psychology more deeply than you. Therefore, in this book work is only interpreted from the view of human psychology.

The book can be divided into four parts: the basics of human psychology, human psychology on work, the workaholics commonly found around, and the impacts of work on happiness.

I run a counseling office to treat psychological disorders. My counseling is for helping those who have difficulties in their daily lives due to mind problems to live happily again. I especially deal with seriously intensive psychological disorders such as intensive depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, personality disorder, delusional disorder, addiction, etc. Mild psychological problems or disorders can also be coped with at other counseling offices; however, intensive psychological disorders cannot be treated without accurately understanding the human mind and psychology, which is the reason why treatment faces difficulties. Moreover, there are not many experts who can successfully treat these intensive psychological disorders, resulting in difficult situations for psychological treatment. So, many people with intensive psychological disorders rely on religions and/or shamanism, or medications. They live in agony, giving up treating themselves because they think it is impossible.

Counselings that treat from post-traumatic stress disorder to various psychological disorders generated by an affair, sudden bereavement, sexual violence, etc. are provided at Korea Institute of Psycho-education; as for teenagers' psychological disorders, their psychology is examined much more carefully in detail.

This book is going to be very different from the contents that you've been exposed to through various books, educations, lectures, online sources when it comes to healing stress. This book is composed of the unconscious that you always express through speeches, actions, and facial expressions but have never felt and principles of how the human mind and psychology operate.

I thank everyone who has helped me to publish this book.

Table of Contents

Preface

Note

Chapter 1. Psychology of Work

1. Self-actualization of a PIR (person in relationships)

2. Meaning of Work to Human Beings

3. Knowledge and Emotions of Work

4. The Purpose and Options of Work

5. The Stress of Work & Psychology

6. Healing Stress Generated from Work

Chapter 2. Work Addiction

1. What Is Addiction?

2. Work Addiction (workaholism)

3. Psychological Disorder of Work

   1) The Disorder of the Conscious of Work

   2) The Disorder of the Emotion of Work

4. The Healing of Work Addiction

Chapter 3, Work and Family

1. Happiness of PIR

2. PIR and Family

3. Work and Family

   - Success Orientation

4. Pleasurable Life

6. Comfortable Life

7. Happy Life

Chapter 4. The Mind of PIR

1. Healing and Killing

2. The Mind of PIR

3. The Operation of Psychology

   1) Close Human Relationship

   2) Conscious Human Relationship

   3) Abnormal Human Relationship

4. Emotional Confrontation and Stress

   1) Difference in The Psychology of Conversation

   2) Difference in The Memory of Emotion

   3) Difference in Psychological Interaction

5. Men’s Stress & Healing

6. Women’s Stress & Healing

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Self-actualization of a PIR (Person in Relationships)

 

           Each one of you is a person as well as a PIR (a person in relationships). A human being is born as a person, has the right to pursue self-happiness, and pursues self-actualization living as a PIR. Human beings live for self-actualization, so all of our works are for self-actualization. Hence, whatever works you do are for your self-actualization. No matter what has caused you to work such as by force, for your own needs, for your better future, for better efficiencies of work, for making your career, etc. All of these are to satisfy your desires that you need at work. The satisfaction of desires is for self-actualization.

To pursue self-actualization, a person needs to be physically healthy and recognize his or her self-existence; it is a process of actualizing the value of self-existence by having meanings from psychological stabilization, happiness, and having knowledge and techniques for one's success. The self-actualization is closely related to knowledge, virtue, propriety, and health, which are the same goals shared in education: elementary schools, middle schools, high schools, and colleges. Health, psychology, and knowledge are indispensable elements for self-actualization. However, most people do not recognize it, resulting that people do not know what they live for. The education integrating the elements is called either 'human education' or 'well-rounded education.' According to this, we learn either techniques or work capability but without knowing the purpose of learning them. We must know and understand that we are learning techniques and work capability for either the formation of self-identity or self-actualization.

           The priority of self-actualization is health. Without health, psychology cannot be stabilized. No matter how much you've learned and how successful you have become, self-actualization is impossible if you are not healthy. It especially has a direct relationship with survival and existence as a person rather than being a PIR. Survival and existence as a person are the prerequisites for the pursuit of self-happiness. Physical health must come before psychological health.

           What matters is not the location of mind and psychology. Since body and mind are connected as one, the body must be healthy for the mind to be healthy. At this point, the mind is 'the recognizing place where emotions are kept' and felt, whereas psychology is 'the mind operations that allow perception, memory, and expression to be done. Ultimately, psychology is operated the same as emotions that make us feel the happiness and satisfy desires. Once again, psychological stabilization can be done only if one is physically healthy. It is the reason that physical health is the number one priority.

           You won't be able to take care of your mind if your body is ill. The ill body must be cured first in order to have desires for self-actualization. As a human being, one must be certain that oneself is physically healthy. Even if you have a disease that has not been found yet, you will try to form the stabilization and the happiness of the mind if you believe that you are physically healthy, which means that you unknowingly become wanting to be comfortable. With a healthy body and stabilized mind, you will try to make yourself better.

           Physical health allows the mind to be comfortable, whereas it is impossible to think about other things with an uncomfortable mind. So, it is important not to be stressed out. You cannot work and study properly when you are stressed. It lowers effectiveness and efficiency. In cases, you cannot focus on your studying when you have to do another task without completing works that you've been doing at work or when you are not prepared at all for the works that you have to do on the next day. If you can't stop thinking about things that you have not finished yet or things that you must to do on the next day, you will end up going back to your work. The unstable mind makes you not be able to think any of the knowledge.

           As mentioned above, physical health will be followed by a stabilized mind; when you feel happy, the desire for learning will be created automatically; you will think of the studies for knowledge, knowing and understanding, aims of success and achievement, various ideas, etc. Moreover, you will take related information easily, and your understanding and memories will be activated as well.

           However, the educations we have in reality are different from the order of self-actualization. The educations focus not on physical health and mind but on knowledge. Physical health and mind are not being cared for; instead, deliveries of knowledge such as knowledge of techniques, duties, life in realities, etc. take up the majority part of the educations in realities. Even in other organizations or enterprises, the focus is on deliveries of knowledge by educating knowledge.

           The education of delivering knowledge allows us to learn, understand, and remember knowledge constantly; stress is aroused in your thoughts in this process. The more the stress is accumulated, the more the mind becomes unstable. Due to this, health issues may occur. If you take knowledge education in the state where your health and mind are not stable, problems will occur in your mind and health.

           Those who listen to the elders well and study hard and well have problems in their minds in most cases, which is pretty surprising. In actual counseling for psychological treatment, the client's level of education, academic degrees, the capability of business and tasks, and etc. are analyzed because whether his or her mind is stable must be analyzed fundamentally. In most cases, these people have psychological problems because the unconscious, which controls the mind, is not formed since they do not know and understand the mind even though their level of knowledge is outstanding.      Have you ever thought about how you heal (release) this stress when it occurs? You must think about it.

           Stress occurs everywhere, from work and daily lives. The more civilizations and industrializations are developed and improved, the stronger the stress will become resulting in an unstable mind. So, more psychological problems are generated; we tend to resolve these psychological problems with knowledge. Due to this, various psychological disorders like 'psychopath' or 'sociopath' occur and are constantly enlarged worldwide. Compared to the past, intellectual people commit crimes in the present because they use their knowledge for stabilizing their minds, which is why the number of intellectual crimes is increasing. Damaging others intellectually and harming themselves in the end in forms of having psychological disorders are because of their excessive knowledge they have gained without considering physical health and mind.

           As the Internet and smartphones are more developed in modern society, we live with tons of information and knowledge. People think that they will live more abundant lives as they get more information and knowledge, but in fact, their minds become more devastated. It is because they don't have the mind to process the information and knowledge they have.

           Even executive officers, managers, and employers in doing their works do not know how to control and manage their minds. That is to say that problems have occurred in their character, which is the nature that a human being gets as he or she is born. What matters at this point is how they have formed their minds ever since they were born; they live with anxieties as constant formations of stress due to educations focused more on knowledge than on health and mind.

           Every human being pursues self-actualization regardless of age and gender. For self-actualization, we must become healthy first. If physical health is secured, we will pursue stable minds. We can find a way to stabilize our minds at this point; the mind will automatically be stabilized and comfortable once the principles of psychology are understood clearly. This is the healing method of your stress.

           The intellectual desire such as desires for learning more knowledge, desires for understanding the meanings and values of life, and desires for success and achievement of goals is strengthened when the mind is stabilized. That is to say, educations for stabilizing minds must be done first before knowledge educations since intellectual desire grows naturally when the mind is stable. The education for stabilizing mind is 'human education' or 'well-rounded education.'

           Recently, for example, there was a person who took 'psychological education of the unconscious.' He was a repair engineer of an after-service center. He was a high-school graduate and in his 30’s. He learned the principles of mind and psychology accurately as he took 'psychological education of the unconscious' and told me that he started understanding the books. At the moment, he read books related to philosophy and humanities. He enjoyed reading studies as his mind has become stable. He used to have headaches when reading these books before knowing the principles of mind and psychology; he also either slept or played games because of his stress. He said the contents of books began to understand and he couldn't believe these changes.

           Knowledge education must be taken by one's own desires for self-actualization as intellectual desires are formed naturally when the mind becomes stable. It must not be done by rote. The true personality education is not the education of teaching nice and excellent writings but letting us know the principles of the mind and psychology; through this personality education, intellectual desires are generated as the mind becomes stable.

           All of you automatically become making efforts to satisfy intellectual desires as your mind becomes comfortable and happy. If knowledge education is processed at this point, the contents will be accepted and understood naturally. In this case, you feel the knowledge education interesting and happy, which results in that you become enjoying the studies. Acquisition of knowledge for works and techniques, for improvement of the capability of works, for self-improvement, etc. can be done in a happy and interesting way under the condition of a stable mind.

           It is because of desires for self-actualization that operates the same for every human being. Therefore, in order to satisfy desires for self-actualization, you must be physically healthy; that way your mind will be stable allowing you to be comfortable and happy. When your mind is stable, you will be able to actualize the meanings and values of life as your intellectual desires become stronger.

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Meanings of Works to Human Beings

 

           It is not quite easy to answer a question, 'why do human beings work?' Thinking about this easily, various answers can be provided such as 'for living,' 'for a better future,' 'for being more acknowledged and getting better than others,' 'because works are followed by happiness,' etc.

           There may be various opinions and theories upon works, but I am going to interpret these from the viewpoint of only mind and psychology. Let's look into the meanings and values of works that are directly and indirectly related to you.

           There are 3 types of values for works when living as a person and as a PIR (person in relationships): the value of social life, human relationships, economics, and material.

           What do you think you work for? It is primarily to earn money, which is because you want to feel superiority in competitive relationships and boast yourself to others. Then, we try to get social status and honor. Ultimately, it is the pursuit of happiness for self-actualization as a PIR. You work for the values of social life, human relationships, economics, and material.

           As for the issues of unemployed people, the big issue is that they do not have opportunities for the 3 kinds of values for self-actualization mentioned above. Whether you are executives, managers, or employees, you have chances to fulfill the 3 kinds of values for self-actualization that pursues your own happiness whereas unemployed people don't have these opportunities. This is why PIRs need works.

           Are you going to live as a person or are you going to live as a PIR? You must understand the difference between a person and a PIR. A person exists as one individual self whereas a PIR exists in relationships with others. A person cannot be a PIR unless relationships with others are formed. That is to say that, a PIR is the status of more than two people forming relationships. Forming relationships between a person and another one is the same as creating meanings and values of life, which is the desire for self-actualization.

           Through industrialization, personal connections are formed as we get connections to and with our works in capitalism and modern society. These personal connections are formed with relationships among people. Thereby, human relationships are more expanded from family and friend relationships to relationships through works; This type of human relationships will be more and more strengthened in the future.

           As living in human relationships, works have become a major means of forming social activities in modern society. Also, as forming human relationships, we get status and values in social activities and find meanings of our existence.

           When we have human relationships such as man-woman relationships, relationships with co-workers, relationships among upper and lower positions at works, etc. as we do social activities, we find another value of living as a PIR (person in relationships), not as a person. Moreover, as wages or profits are created in the process of doing works, the values of economic and materials follow naturally and automatically.

           Thus, whether you study for academic degrees, try to expand personal connections, or do your works, you can see that each person lives, pursuing all three types of values in human relationships. This is the desire for self-actualization and the pursuit of happiness and self-actualization in human relationships.

           It is a pity that we are jobless or we don't want to work. Like this, we must recognize how important our works are for us.

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Knowledge and Emotions of Works

 

           White-collar workers and blue-collar workers have different knowledge and emotions at work. White-collar workers are intellectual laborers whereas blue-collar workers are physical laborers. I am not trying to classify them by their capabilities and values but trying to classify them by characteristics of their work. It doesn't mean that intellectual laborers are clever and nice or that blue-collar workers do physical work because they lack knowledge. It is just to explain their work from psychological points of view.

           When the human mind and psychology are operated, the conscious is operated for white-collar workers whereas the unconscious is operated for blue-collar workers. The conscious and the unconscious must be understood accurately. Generally, human psychology is separated into two: the conscious and the unconscious. The conscious is the psychology that operates when we feel emotions and recognize through thoughts and memories. The unconscious operates but is neither felt nor recognized.

           White-collar workers are called intellectual laborers since they constantly plan and make something by perceptions, thoughts, and memories as their conscious operates, which makes them have more knowledge of jobs. Intellectual labor is static work from a psychological point of view. Static work generates lots of stress because of constant thinking as the conscious is strengthened. Blue-collar labor, on the other hand, is dynamic work that requires the physical body. It consumes the physical energy whereas intellectual labor consumes the psychological energy as the conscious (thoughts) operates. Also, the body feels tired when stress is generated in psychology, which causes psychological tiredness. White-collar workers do not feel physical but psychological tiredness.

           Blue-collar workers are different from white-collar workers. The unconscious, which makes expressions in speeches, actions, and facial expressions, operates in them; it is pretty dynamic. Whereas intellectual labor that the conscious operates is static and quiet, dynamic labor comes out in forms of speeches, actions, and facial expressions in most cases; these expressions are due to the operation of the unconscious. The operation of the conscious is made partially for them. Thus, blue-collar workers require to have more in speeches, actions, and facial expressions in their office work, because they fortify the unconscious resulting more expressions. For example, working as an operator at a call center doesn’t mean that it is a white-collar job. The duty of the job uses speeches, actions, and expressions. This is called emotional labor. As the emotional labor, it is a blue-collar job that wrapped up a white-collar job.

For example, if you work at a call center, you are not white-collar just because you sit on a chair and talk on the phone. The call center's job is to do it with words, actions, and facial expressions. We call it emotional labor. This type of emotional labor is a blue-collar wrapped in white-collar. So, they work very hard physically and mentally, not physically or dynamically.  

           As for emotional labor, I classify it as a white-collar worker since it is the work that intellectual work and job knowledge are combined together. But, in fact, job actions are more strengthened and cause emotional laborers more stress from making repetitive expressions in speeches, actions, and facial expressions. The stress that emotional laborers get is not only the stress of the intellectual work of white-collar workers have, but also physical tiredness caused by the dynamic work of the blue-collar workers who constantly make expressions in speeches and actions have. Therefore, emotional labor is very dangerous job psychologically.

           We can easily find emotional laborers around us such as operators of call centers, salespeople of markets, counselors or customer service, bank tellers, flight attendants, nurses, social workers, lecturers, teachers, etc. All of them do both intellectual and physical work simultaneously. Like this, we call those who have both intellectual and physical works, emotional laborers. They are perceived as white-collar workers but do work that mostly require physical labor.

           We have many counselors and social workers around us. They meet various people, and their job is related to making expressions in speeches, actions, and facial expressions. Also, even though they have more than enough job knowledge, their jobs, in reality, must be done using expressions in forms speeches, actions, and facial expressions. They must perceive others' speeches, actions, and facial expressions; due to this, they feel intellectual and physical tiredness at the same time. In the end, psychological stress and physical tiredness are more added. The mind and psychology of these people are more likely in very serious circumstances in most cases.

           The sales department of a company is divided into two groups by whether their work is based more on job knowledge or on physical activities. Those who need job knowledge more in their work can be considered as white-collar workers, but those who always meet and deal with customers can be considered as blue-collar workers since their jobs require physical activities. However, the sales department jobs require both in most cases. Salespeople of a company, dealers of vehicles or other products, insurance sellers are the example of the emotional laborer.

           As explained above, emotional laborers suffer from stress and physical tiredness due to that both job knowledge and physical activities are required. As they suffer psychological difficulties, the turnover rate is high. They also easily get worn out both psychologically and physically, but the studies of emotional labor are not much being done. It is the field that cannot be dealt with easily without understanding the psychological points of view.  Considering jobs being done on desks as white-collar labor and jobs being done by physical activities in factories as blue-collar labor are the old fashion. The emotional labor is being expanded as the service industry develops.

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The Purpose and Options of Work

 

        What is your purpose of doing your work?

Firstly, doing work generates passion. When we work, we enjoy social values, values of human relationships, and economic values; psychologically, self-confident and self-respect become strengthened. Self-confidence is strengthened by the feeling that you are doing social activities, which strengthens the conscious of self-existence.  Then, self-confidence and self-respect generate the energy that we call passion.

Passion is the 'power of immersion in fun and interesting things,' which is why passionate workers seem great. The directions of this passion have the desire for achievement as it is towards purposes and aims of success, enhancement of academic level, social status, honor, power, and economic strength. It is a reason we work for passion, desires for achievement, and self-actualization. Ultimately, work generates passion and achievement and strengthen the desire for achievement, which is the desire for self-actualization.

Both males and females live pursuing happiness. Males pursue future happiness whereas females pursue present happiness. Males do not remember the feelings of wounds, but females remember them. This is very important when working.

           When going out for a meal, males just go where they used to go or where they feel comfortable and then just order what they will eat. On the contrary, females go to a restaurant after they grasp the atmosphere. They think and decide what they are going to eat. When watching a movie, females decide when, where, or what they are going to watch. They also think about whether they are going to watch the movie before or after having meals. However, males think about options to choose after they arrive at the place because they get stress if not. 

Males also love to talk about when they served in the military. Females hate when males talk about soccer they played while serving in the military; however, males always talk about the military when they hang out with their friends or acquaintances. They enjoy talking about who had tougher experiences when they served in the military; females cannot understand this. When males are asked 'why don't you go to the military again if you enjoy that much?' they would definitely say that they won't ever go back.'

           Like this, males don't remember the feelings of the past that they suffered from difficulties but only remember the facts. On the contrary, females remember the feelings of the past that they suffered in difficulties. Thus, males and females are different when having emotional quarrels. In cases of males, it is fairly easy for them to make up even if they had a big fight if one of them tries to apologize first to the other. They can even become closer friends especially. However, females are different. It is not that easy for females to recover relationships when they had an emotional quarrel even if the relationship is intimate. Of course, they can possibly pretend that they are close depending on circumstances, but the negative emotions last long. These negative emotions might last life-long if they are not treated. The phenomena like these occur due to that males don't remember negative feelings of the past and that females remember negative feelings.

           The reason that males and females are different in remembering emotions is that males live for future happiness whereas females live for present happiness. Thus, even if the present is suffering and difficult for males, it is not problematic if they have hopes and dreams for tomorrow. Females, however, perceive their future is unnecessary if they are not happy in the present. They can only think about their future when their present is happy. Because of this, practical interests are important in females whereas rational for duty is what matters in males.

           It is the same when working. Males work passionately if they think the outcomes will be positive. Success, academic degrees, social status, power, economic power, etc. whatever that is, they anticipate and think of possibility of having good outcomes and be immersed in their work. All of them are not able to be felt in the present. On the other hand, females get to their work when they feel the present values that are detailed and advantageous. Females think outcomes and values of the present more important than the uncertain possibility. Then, they are immersed in realistic and advantageous matters. Therefore, males and females make efforts for their self-actualization as they form passion and achievement that meet their own happiness when working.

           People have various considerations and thoughts when working; their considerations and thoughts can be categorized into four types.

           First is the case of working without thoughts or values. People in this category never get stressed from their work because they don't think about their work. Whether they work well or not is not the matter. They just think that all they need to do is to finish what they are told to do. They don't involve themselves in others' works and continue working their jobs unless they quit the job. They don't feel the meanings and values of life at all because they don't worry about the outcome of the work and don't care about the amount of their work. People in this first category seem to live their lives without worries.

           Second is the case of working without any other choice despite the stress. Quite a lot of people are in this category. They work for living although they hate working. Lots of females are in this group. It is because they think gaining by present income or work is more important than pursuing unclear values. The economic values are felt in reality; people in this category must work even though they don't want to.

           The third is the case of working as the means for certain goals. They consider the values of human relationships and of social activities more important than economic values; this results in more difficulties in their work. They choose their work as the means for their purpose and perceive it as a bridge. People working the present work for their goals and success without any other choice are usually males.

           For example, think about a salesperson drinking alcohol with his or her connections. At this point, is drinking a part of his or her job? or is it for personal pleasure? Of course, the answer changes depending on the counterparty. If the counterparty is a very important executive from the trading company, the drinking can be considered as a part of his or her job since he or she doesn't have any other choices. Of course, the answer changes depending on the counterparty. If the counterparty is a very important executive from the trading company, the drinking can be considered as a part of his or her job since he or she doesn't have any other choices. When seeing salespeople enjoying drinking alcohol, it seems like they are actually enjoying the moment, but in fact, they are just doing their job to satisfy their purpose without having any personal pleasure.

           Like this, you might think that working as the means for purposes is fun if the work itself is enjoyable, but the work itself is not a goal. Therefore, it is for a step forward one more or the values of human relationships and the values of social activities. However, they tend to rationalize themselves that they need to enjoy their work if they cannot avoid it. It is just trying to enjoy the present work for values in the future. It is the same as making an investment for values they will get in the future because they can develop towards the next step of their goal that they have set.

           Fourth is the case of immersing in work because they love their jobs. People in this category are those who are deeply into their study development and those who love creating new work; they even forget to go home. Moreover, they tend to do their work professionally. They love their work itself and enjoy immersing in their jobs by perceiving as if they have found the values they have been looking for. So, even without the economic values, the values of human relationships, and the social values, they are more and more into the fun of their work. In most cases, they immerse themselves in their work even without that much economic value.

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